Kuvrat
Krovat Kan i Hrvati
XOBPATOY or XPOBATOY
Kubrat (također Kurt, Kovrat, Kobrat, Kuvrat, Korbat, Qobrat, Khudbard, Kuvarog, Krovat, Kurbat...) (Greek: Κοβρāτος, Kούβρατος; Bulgarian: Кубрат) was the "ruler of the Onoğundur–Bulgars", credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in ca. 632.
The Latin translation of Theophanes by Anastasius
In the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans Kubrat is mentioned as Kurt (Коуртъ), being a member of the Dulo clan and reigning for 60 years having succeeded Gostun of the Ermi clan.
Kobratos - Krobatos
The Bulgars, a Turkic nomadic people, originated in the 5th-century Hunnic confederation and considered Attila their first ruler. Upon Attila's death, the tribes that later formed the Bulgars had retreated east into the Black Sea-Caspian Steppe. The western Bulgar tribes joined the Avar Khaganate, while the eastern Bulgars came under the Western Turkic Khaganate by the end of the 6th century.
Theophanes the Confessor called him "king of the Onogundur Huns". Patriarch Nikephoros I (758–828) called Kubrat "lord of the Onuğundur" and "ruler of the Onuğundur–Bulğars". John of Nikiu (fl. 696) called him "chief of the Huns". D. Hupchick identified Kubrat as "Onogur", P. Golden as "Oğuro-Bulğar", H. J. Kim as "Bulgar Hunnic/Hunnic Bulgar". According to H. J. Kim the Onogundur/Onogur were evidently part of the Bulgar confederation.
Bulgars
The Bulgars were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers say that their ehtnic roots can be traced to Central Asia. During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe, the Bulgar tribes absorbed other ethnic groups and cultural influences in a process of ethnogenesis , including Hunnic and Indo-European peoples. Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations. The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch. They preserved the military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes, as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra. The Bulgars became semi-sedentary during the 7th century in the Pontic-Caspian steppe, establishing the polity of Old Great Bulgaria c. 635, which was absorbed by the Khazar Empire in 668 AD. In c. 679, Khan Asparukh conquered Scythia Minor, opening access to Moesia, and established the First Bulgarian Empire, where the Bulgars became a political and military elite. They merged subsequently with established Byzantine populations, as well as with previously settled Slavic tribes, and were eventually Slavicized, thus forming the ancestors of modern Bulgarians. The remaining Pontic Bulgars migrated in the 7th century to the Volga River, where they founded the Volga Bulgaria; they preserved their identity well into the 13th century. The Volga Tatars and Chuvash people claim to have originated from the Volga Bulgars. The origin of the early Bulgars is still unclear. Their homeland is believed to be situated in Kazakhstan and the North Caucasian steppes. Interaction with the Hunnic tribes, causing the migration, may have occurred there, but the Pontic–Caspian steppe seems a more likely location. Around 463 AD, the Akatziroi and other tribes that had been part of the Hunnic union were attacked by the Šarağurs, one of the first Oğuric Turkic tribes that entered the Ponto-Caspian steppes as the result of migrations set off in Inner Asia. According to Priscus, in 463 the representatives of Šarağur (Oghur. sara, "White Oghurs"), Oğur and Onoğur came to the Emperor in Constantinople, and explained they had been driven out of their homeland by the Sabirs, who had been attacked by the Avars. This tangle of events indicates that the Oğuric tribes are related to the Ting-ling and Tiele people. It seems that Kutrigurs and Unigurs arrived with the initial waves of Oğuric peoples entering the Pontic steppes. The Bulgars were not mentioned in 463. The first clear mention and evidence of the Bulgars was in 480, when they served as the allies of the Byzantine Emperor Zeno (474–491) against the Ostrogoths. Anachronistic references about them can also be found in the 7th-century geography work Ashkharatsuyts by Anania Shirakatsi, where the Kup'i Bulgar, Duč'i Bulkar, Olxontor Błkar and immigrant Č'dar Bulkar tribes are mentioned as being in the North Caucasian-Kuban steppes. According to D. Dimitrov, the 5th-century History of Armenia by Movses Khorenatsi speaks about two migrations of the Bulgars, from Caucasus to Armenia. Both migrations are dated to the second half of the 4th century AD. The "disturbances" which caused them are believed to be the expansion of the Huns in the East-European steppes. The account by Paul the Deacon in his History of the Lombards (8th century) says that at the beginning of the 5th century in the North-Western slopes of the Carpathians the Vulgares killed the Lombard king Agelmund. Scholars attribute this account to the Huns, Avars or some Bulgar groups were probably carried away by the Huns to the Central Europe. The Lombards, led by their new king Laimicho, rose up and defeated the Bulgars with great slaughter, gaining great booty and confidence as they "became bolder in undertaking the toils of war." The defeated Bulgars then became subjects of the Lombards and later migrated in Italy with their king Alboin. When the army of Ostrogoth chieftain Theodoric Strabo grew to 30,000-men strong, it was felt as a menace to Byzantine Emperor Zeno, who somehow managed to convince the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths. The Bulgars were eventually defeated by Strabo in 480/481. In 486 and 488 they fought against the Goths again, first as allies of the Byzantium, according to Magnus Felix Ennodius, and later as allies of the Gepids, according to Paul the Deacon. However, when Theoderic the Great with Ostrogoths parted for Italy in 489, the Illyricum and Thrace were open for Bulgar raids. In 493, according to Marcellinus Comes, they defeated and killed magister militum Julian. In 499, crossed Danube and reached Thrace where on the banks of the river Tzurta (considered a tributary of Maritsa) defeated 15,000 men strong Roman army led by magister militum Aristus. In 502, Bulgars again devastated Thrace as reportedly there were no Roman soldiers to oppose them. In 528–529 again invaded the region and defeated Roman generals Justin and Baduarius. However, Gothic general, Mundus, offered allegiance to the Emperor Justinian I (527–565) in 530, and managed to kill 5,000 Bulgars plundering Thrace. Ennodius, Jordanes and Procopius identified the Bulgars with the Huns in a 6th-century literary topos, in which Ennodius referred to a captured Bulgar horse as "equum Huniscum". In 505, the alleged 10,000 Hun horsemen in the Sabinian army, which was defeated by the Ostrogoths, are believed to be the Bulgars. In 515, Bulgar mercenaries were listed along with others from the Goths, Scythians and Hunnic tribes as part of the Vitalian army. In 539, two Hunnic "kinglets" defeated two Roman generals during the raid into Scythia Minor and Moesia. A Roman army led by magister militum Ascum and Constantiolus intercepted and defeated them in Thrace, however, another raiding party ambushed and captured two Roman generals. In 539 and 540, Procopius reported a powerful Hunnic army crossed the Danube, devastated Illyricum and reached up to the Anastasian Wall. Such large distances covered in short time indicate they were horsemen. Jordanes described, in his work Getica (551), the Pontic steppe beyond the Acatziri, above the Pontic Sea, as the habitat of the Bulgari, "whom the evils of our sins have made famous". In this region, the Hunni divided into two tribes: the Altziagiri (who trade and live next to Cherson) and Saviri, while the Hunuguri (believed to be the Onoğurs) were notable for the marten skin trade. In the Middle Ages, marten skin was used as a substitute for minted money. The Syriac translation of Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor's Ecclesiastical History (c. 555) in Western Eurasia records:
Then he records 13 tribes, the wngwr (Onogur), wgr (Oğur), sbr (Sabir), bwrgr (Burğa, i.e. Bulgar), kwrtrgr (Kutriğurs), br (probably Vars, also known as the Avars), ksr (Kasr; possibly Akatziri), srwrgwr (Saragur), dyrmr (unknown), b'grsyq (Bagrasir, i.e. Barsil), kwls (unknown), bdl (probably Abdali), and ftlyt (Hephthalite). . They are described in typical phrases reserved for nomads in the ethnographic literature of the period, as people who "live in tents, earn their living on the meat of livestock and fish, of wild animals and by their weapons (plunder)". Agathias (c. 579–582) wrote:
According to D. Dimitrov, scholars partially managed to identify and locate the Bulgar groups mentioned in the Armenian Ashkharatsuyts. The Olxontor Błkar is one of the variations used for the Onoğurs Bulgars, while others could be related to the ancient river names, such as the Kup'i Bulgar and the Kuban (Kuphis). The Duč'i could read Kuchi Bulkar and as such could be related to the Dnieper (Kocho). However, the Č'dar Bulkar location is unclear. Dimitrov theorized that the differences in the Bulgar ethnonym could be due to the dialect differentiations in their language. By the middle of the 6th century, the Bulgars momentarily fade from the sources and the Kutrigurs and Utigurs come to the front. Between 548 and 576, mostly due to Justinian I (527–565), through diplomatic persuasion and bribery the Kutrigurs and Utigurs were drawn into mutual warfare, decimating one another. In the end, the Kutrigurs were overwhelmed by the Avars, while the Utigurs came under the rule of the Western Turks. The Oğurs and Onoğurs, in the 6th- and 7th-century sources, were mentioned mostly in connection with the Avar and Turk conquest of Western Eurasia. From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoğurs in close connection with the Bulgars. Agathon (early 8th century) wrote about the nation of Onoğurs Bulğars. Nikephoros I (early 9th century) noted that Kubrat was the lord of the Onoğundurs; his contemporary Theophanes referred to them as Onoğundur–Bulğars. Constantine VII (mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulğars formerly called themselves Onoğundurs. This association was previously mirrored in Armenian sources, such as the Ashkharatsuyts, which refers to the Olxontor Błkar, and the 5th century History by Movses Khorenatsi, which includes an additional comment from a 9th-century writer about the colony of the Vłĕndur Bułkar. Marquart and Golden connected these forms with the Iġndr (*Uluġundur) of Ibn al-Kalbi (c. 820), the Vnndur (*Wunundur) of Hudud al-'Alam (982), the Wlndr (*Wulundur) of Al-Masudi (10th century) and Hungarian name for Belgrad Nándor Fejérvár, the nndr (*Nandur) of Gardīzī (11th century) and *Wununtur in the letter by the Khazar King Joseph. All the forms show the phonetic changes typical of later Oğuric (prothetic v-). Scholars consider it unclear how this union came about, viewing it as a long process in which a number of different groups were merged. During that time, the Bulgars may have represented a large confederation including the remnants of Onoğurs, Utigurs and Kutrigurs among others. Kubrat organised the Onogurs under his Empire of Old Great Bulgaria in the Mid 7th century. From the 8th century, the Byzantine sources often mention the Onoghurs in close connection with the Bulgars. Agathon (early 8th century) wrote about the nation of Onoghur Bulgars. Nikephoros I (early 9th century) noted that Kubrat was the lord of the Onoghundurs; his contemporary Theophanes referred to them as Onoghundur–Bulgars. Kubrat successfully revolted against the Avars and founded the Old Great Bulgaria (Magna Bulgaria), also known as Onoghundur–Bulgars state, or Patria Onoguria in the Ravenna Cosmography. Constantine VII (mid-10th century) remarked that the Bulgars formerly called themselves Onogundurs.
Story about Khan Kubrat and his sonsThe instructive story about Khan Kubrat and his sons. The story with the bundle of sticks which the five sons of the Khan – Batbayan, Kotrag, Asparuh, Kuber and Altsek, tried to break. None of the five sons managed to break the sticks in bundle into two. Then the ruler told them to try to break them one by one. The brothers managed to do this without any efforts. But the wisdom comes after that: “My sons, the question is not breaking but the lesson. If after my death the five of you remain united like in a bundle, no one will overpower you. You will be able to save your state, to expand it, so that to endure it forever. If you separate, your enemies separately can easily brake you” told the old Khan Kubrat. In he lands of Old Great Bulgaria remained only the eldest son Batbayan. Kuber settled in Avarian Pannonia, Altsek reached the lands of Northern Italy. And Khan Asparuh with his tribe of Onogondurs headed northwest, “consecutively overcoming the rivers of Dnieper, Dniester, Bug settled in one significant boundary with Byzantium territory, which covered the lands of today’s Moldova, and to the south it reached the Danube Delta”. Kotrag headed northeast and settled in the lands of Middle Volga, where in 7th century established independent Bulgar state, named Volga-Kama Bulgar Khanate, or only Volga Bulgaria.
It is unclear whether the parting ways by brothers was caused by the internal conflicts or strong Khazar pressure. The latter is considered more likely. The Bulgars led by the first two brothers Batbayan and Kotrag remained in the Pontic steppe zone, where they were known as Black Bulgars by Byzantine and Rus sources, and became Khazar vassals. The Bulgars led by Kotrag migrated to the middle Volga region during the 7th and 9th centuries, where they founded Volga Bulgaria, with Bolghar as its capital. crossed the river Danapros and Danastros, lived in the locale around the Ister, having occupied a place suitable for settlement, called in their language ογγλον (ogglon; Slav. o(n)gl, "angle, corner"; Turk. agyl, "yard")... The people having been divided and scattered, the tribe of the Khazars, from within Berulia (Bessarabia), which neighbors with Sarmatia, attacked them with impunity. They overran all the lands lying behind the Pontos Euxeinos and penetrated to the sea. After this, having made Bayan a subject, they forced him to pay tribute. Asparukh, according to the Pseudo–Zacharias Rhetor, "fled from the Khazars out of the Bulgarian mountains". In the Khazar ruler Joseph's letter is recorded "in the country in which I live, there formerly lived the Vununtur (< Vunundur < Onoğundur). Our ancestors, the Khazars warred with them. The Vununtur were more numerous, as numerous as the sand by the sea, but they could not withstand the Khazars. They left their country and fled... until they reached the river called Duna (Danube)". This migration and the foundation of the Danube Bulgaria (the First Bulgarian Empire) is usually dated c. 679. The composition of the horde is unknown, and sources only mention tribal names Čakarar, Kubiar, Küriger, and clan names Dulo, Ukil/Vokil, Ermiyar, Ugain and Duar. The Onglos where Bulgars settled is considered northern Dobruja, secured to the West and North by Danube and its Delta, and bounded to the East by the Black Sea. They re-settled in North-Eastern Bulgaria, between Shumen and Varna, including Ludogorie plateau and southern Dobruja. The distribution of pre-Christian burial assemblages in Bulgaria and Romania is considered as the indication of the confines of the Bulgar settlement. In the Balkans they merged with the Slavs and other autochthonous Romance and Greek speaking population, like the Thracians and Vlachs, becoming a political and military elite. The hinterlands of the Byzantine territory were for years occupied by many groups of Slavs. According to Theophanes, the Bulgars subjugated the so-called Seven Slavic tribes, of which the Severeis were re-settled from the pass of Beregaba or Veregava, most likely the Rish Pass of the Balkan Mountains, to the East, while the other six tribes to the Southern and Western regions as far the boundary with the Pannonian Avars. According to Nikephoros I and Theophanes, an unnamed fourth brother, believed to be Kuber, "having crossed the river Ister, resides in Pannonia, which is now under the sway of the Avars, having made an alliance with the local peoples". Kuber later led a revolt against the Avars and with his people moved as far as the region of Thessaloniki in Greek Macedonia. The fifth brother, reported by Nikephoros I and Theophanes, "settling in the five Ravennate cities became a subject of the Romans". This brother is believed to be Alcek, who after a stay in Avar territory left and settled in Italy, in Sepino, Bojano and Isernia. These Bulgars preserved their speech and identity until the late 8th century.
Chuvash people
The Chuvash people (/tʃʊˈvɑːʃ/; Chuvash: чăваш, IPA: [t͡ɕəˈʋaʂ]; Russian: чуваши, pronounced [t͡ɕʊˈvaʂɨ]) are a Turkic ethnic group, native to an area stretching from the Volga Region to Siberia. The Turkic ancestors of the Chuvash people are believed to have come from central Siberia, where they lived in the Irtysh basin (between the Tian Shan and Altay) from at least the end of the third millennium BC. In the beginning of the first century AD, the Bulgars started moving west through Zhetysu and the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan, reaching the North Caucasus in 2nd–3rd centuries AD. There they established several states (Old Bulgaria on the Black Sea coast and the Suar Duchy in modern-day Dagestan. Old Bulgaria broke up in the second half of the 7th century after a series of successful Khazar invasions. Some of its population fled north, to the Volga-Kama region, where they established Volga Bulgaria, which eventually became extremely wealthy: its capital being the 4th largest city in the world. Shortly after that, the Suvar Duchy was forced to become a vassal state of Khazaria. About half a century later, the Suvars took part in the Arab–Khazar wars of 732–737. The Chuvash language is Turkic and is the only Oghur Turkic language that survives. The language has been influenced by Tatar, Russian, and Finno-Ugric languages. It has two to three dialects. The Chuvash may be descended from the Volga Bulgars. They have been subjected to much infusion and influence, not only from Russian and Turkic peoples, but also from neighboring Finnic tribes, with whom they were persistently and mistakenly identified for centuries, perhaps aided by the fact that the Chuvash language is a highly divergent form of Turkic, and was not easily recognized as such. Chuvash is classified, alongside the extinct Bulgar language, as the only remaining member of the Oghuric branch of the Turkic language family.
Physical anthropologists using the racial frameworks of the early 20th Century saw the Chuvash as a mixed Finno-Ugric and Turkic people. Subclades of Y-DNA haplogroups R1 and N are most common among the Chuvash. According to Rootsi et al. 2004, Tambets et al. 2004 (79 samples), and Trofimova 2005 (43 samples) the following distribution of haplogroups is obtained:
Haplogroups Q and C are rare among Chuvashes. Chuvash carriers of Haplogroup R1a (19% in hundreds of samples) are Balto-Slavic Z282 subclade. The MtDNA gene pool was found to be 89.1% Caucasoid, 9.1% Mongoloid and 1.8% unidentified. According to autosomal analyses the present-day Chuvash speak a Turkic language but are genetically a mix of East-Asian and European elements. They are generally closer to Europeans with some genetic input from Siberia. An autosomal analysis (2015) detected an indication of Oghur and possibly Bulgar ancestry in modern Chuvash. These Oghur and Bulgar tribes brought the Chuvash language with them. Another study found some Finno-Ugric component in Chuvash people.
Apart from undiverged, basal R-M269*, there are (as of 2017) two primary branches of R-M269:
R-L23 (Z2105/Z2103; a.k.a. R1b1a1a2a) has been reported among the peoples of the Volga-Ural: 36.2% of Burzyansky District Bashkirs, 21.2% of Udmurts, 8% of Komi, 6.8% of Mordvins, 3.8% of Besermyan and 2.3% of Chuvash were R1b-L23. Subclades within the paragroup R-M269(xL23) – that is, R-M269* and/or R-PF7558 – appear to be found at their highest frequency in the central Balkans, especially Kosovo with 7.9%, Macedonia 5.1% and Serbia 4.4%. Unlike most other areas with significant percentages of R-L23, Kosovo, Poland and the Bashkirs of south-east Bashkortostan are notable in having a high percentage of R-L23(xM412) also known as R1b1a1a2a(xR1b1a1a2a1) – at rates of 11.4% (Kosovo), 2.4% (Poland) and 2.4% south-east Bashkortostan.
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Dolazak Hrvata
Odlomci iz djela „Dolazak Hrvata“ Luje Margetića:
Prema vijesti koju bilježi Nicefor »Kuvrat (Κουβρατος), nećak Organa, vladar Unogundura ustao je protiv avarskog kagana i iz svoje zemlje sramotno potjerao kaganove vojne jedinice«. Taj podvig protobugarskog vladara kojeg Teofan zove Krovatom (Κροβατος), a Anastazije prevodi s Crobatus, najvjerojatnije se može vremenski locirati u tridesete godine sedmog stoljeća, dakle u vrijeme kada je nakon smrti kagana prethodne dinastije u avarskoj državi došlo do žestokih obračuna između Avara i Bugara. Krovat-Kuvratovu državu prostorno najvjerojatnije treba tražiti od Dona na istoku do područja zapadno od Buga.
Ako je Krovat-Kuvrat srušio tridesetih godina sedmog stoljeća dotad vladajuću dinastiju u kaganatu, onda se nameće ideja da su Hrovati (kako ih nazivaju najstariji izvori, uključujući i DAI) zapravo »krovatovci«, tj. čete neprijateljski nastrojene prema vladajućoj avarskoj dinastiji, koje su pod utjecajem i po nalogu protobugarskog vladara Krovat-Kuvrata proširile njegov utjecaj nad cijelim avarskim kaganatom. Prije svega, da vidimo kako su vrela zabilježila ime spomenutoga protobugarskog vladara. Teofan ga naziva Krovat (Kpoβατός), Anastazije u svom latinskom prijevodu Teofana Crobatus, a Nicefor Kuvrat (Κουβρατος), odnosno Kovrat (Κοβρατος).
Monogram prstena nađenog kod Malaje Pereščepine (koji se po svemu, čini se, odnosi na Kuvrata) Seibt je razriješio s Hobratos. U Armenskoj geografiji njegovo je ime zabilježeno kao Hubraat (na drugome mjestu kao Hubadra), a bugarska lista imena najstarijih vladara bilježi ga kao Kurt. Ivan iz Nikiu govori o Ketradesu, (ali se iz konteksa vidi da je riječ o našem Kuvratu). Taj Krovat-Kuvrat imenom doista uvelike podsjeća na Hrovati (Χρωβατον), tj. na ime naroda Hrvata i na Hrovata, jednoga od hrvatskih vođa.
Nicefor piše o Krovatu na dva mjesta. On najprije izvještava daje »Kuvrat, nećak Organa, vladar Unogundura, ustao protiv avarskog kagana i vojne jedinice, koje je imao uza sebe, sramotno potjerao iz svoje zemlje. On je odaslao Herakliju poslanstvo i sklopio mir s njime, koji je poštivao do kraja njihova života, a (Heraklije) mu je poslao darove i dodijelio mu čast patricija«.
Ostaje još pitanje jesu li ti Hrvati-graničari govorili nekim turskim jezikom, npr. bugarskim, ili slavenskim. Mislimo da na to pitanje može odgovoriti Pritsakova raščlamba protobugarske riječi saqlaw>sqlaw (plural sqlaw-iri), tj. Slaven, Slaveni u smislu graničara. Pritsak interpretira vijesti Ibn Khurda dheba da se Kuvrata nazivalo i »vladarom Slavena«, tj. vladarom graničara, i dodaje da su i u kazarskoj državi postojali Slaveni-graničari. Prema tome, graničari koji su se u doba Kuvrata-Krovata smjestili na nekim osjetljivijim rubnim područjima avarske države i koji su se u čast svojega vladara nazvali Krovati-Hrvati, govorili su još u Kuvratovoj državi slavenski. Dakle, priča narodne tradicije zabilježena u glavi 30. DAI o dolasku Hrvata koji u Dalmaciji pobjeđuju Avare ne samo daje pogrešna s obzirom na »pradomovinu«, već i s obzirom na mjesto pobjede nad Avarima. Nezamislivo je da bi Hrvati u vrijeme Bajanove dinastije mačem u ruci prokrčili put kroz avarsku državu i Dalmaciju i tamo vodili sudbonosne borbe s Avarima koji nisu u to doba naselili čak ni područje između Save i Drave.
Graničari u području današnje Poljske i današnje Like-Dalmacije u Hrvatskoj, a možda i u Karantaniji kao dio vladajućeg sloja nad podređenim stanovništvom, nazva i su se također »Krobatovci« (Hrvati).
Međutim, ubrzo nakon Kubratove smrti Velika Bugarska priznaje vlast Kazara, a u avarsku državu slijeva se veliki broj došljaka s istoka, koji se naseljavaju u središtu države, gdje se zbog toga gubi ime »Krobatovci« za vladajući sloj. Taj novi istočnjački sloj naseljava i šire područje oko središta. I u tom širem graničarskom području pronađeni su arheološki nalazi koji nedvojbeno upućuju na njih. No, takvih arheoloških nalaza nema upravo ondje gdje su se bili ranije naselili Krobatovci (Hrvati)-graničari. Na graničarskim područjima, pošteđenima od naseljavanja novoga istočnjačkog sloja, uspjelo se zbog toga sačuvati ime Hrvat, koje je u Dalmaciji postalo jednim od elemenata etnogeneze hrvatskog naroda tijekom IX. stoljeća.
Kubrati - Hrvati
Bulgarians in Pannonia
Petoro braće
Kubrati (Krubati, Hr(u)bati, Hrvati) su dobili ime po čuvenom bugarskom kanu Kubratu (grč. Huvrat, Hrvat) - osnivaču i vladaru Stare Bugarske u zemlji bivše Skitije, sjeverno od Crnog mora, i ujedinitelju svih Bugara na tom području.
Švear na kraju... izlaganja ističe, mora se zaključiti da su Porfirofenitovi Hrvati (Chrobati) bili Bugari. Poslije Šveara, i Hovort je 1882. godine pisao, za (vrijeme) cara Heraklija nisu došli Hrvati, nego Bugari koji su nosili ime po knezu Kubratu.
Slično mišljenje navodi i povjesničar Lujo Margetić, kada kaže sljedeće: Ako je Krovat/Kuvrat srušio tridesetih godina sedmog stoljeća dotad vladajuću dinastiju u (avarskom) kaganatu, onda se nameće ideja da su (Porfirogenitovi) Hrovati (...) zapravo "krovatovci" (Kubrati).
I povjesničar Neven Budak svjestan je jasne veze s Bugarima, iako samo kaže da su Hrvati i Bugari imali "ista predanja", navodno, te ne dolazi do istog zaključka:
Hrvatske i bugarske predaje o podrijetlu sadrže petoro braće; jedan od braće se pritom nalazi u središtu; u bugarskoj predaji je to Kuvratov... sin, Bajan...
I Klaić navodi jednog sina bugarskog kana Kubrata kao prvog vladara "panonskih Hrvata".
Istog čovjeka Rački je nazvao „slavenskim knezom“, dok Ferdo Šišić kaže da su Hrvati bili manjinski vladajući sloj nad Slavenima, kojima je nametnuo svoje ime; zapravo bugarski Kubrati su bili ti koji su kao manjinski ratnički sloj dali svoje ime dijelu Slavena, od čega je nastalo "Hrvati".
Sa tim se slaže i povjesničar Ivan Švear. Mada nije bio uvijek jasan po tom pitanju, na jednom mjestu je napisao da su Hrvati i bugarski Kubrati isto. Naime, on je Bugare zvao i imenom Gepidi i imenom Geti, kada je pisao kako je "Na ovaj način Bulgaria, ona najglasovitija krajina i najjača kraljevina Gepidah ili Getah (...)", a onda u nastavku kaže da se u doba bizantiskog cara Iraklija (u 7. vijeku) "Hubrat, gepidski (bugarski) vojvoda, od avarskog vojvode Bajana udružio (...) i Dalmaciu od Avarah osvojio. Od njih (dakle, od Hubratovih Gepida/Bugara) izvode se Porfirogenitovi Hrobati (...) koje mi zovemo Horvati".
Znači, bugarski Kubrati su ti koji su istjerali Avare, i oni su Porfirogenitovi "Hrvati". U nastavku isti autor kaže:
(Porfirogenit) ovdje ne spominje Bugare. Zašto? Jerbo je znao dobro iz drugih gerčkih pisacah da su Horvati s tim Bugari jedan narod bili, zato je sve imenovao Horvatima. Dakle Bugari, u vreme Heraklija cesara, Horvati (su se) zvali...
Opis (Bijelih) Hrvata uklapa se u opis bugarskih Kubrata:
| Hrvati (Porfirogent) | Kubrati (Bugari) |
| Dolaze sredinom 7. vijeka | Dolaze sredinom 7. vijeka |
| Pokršteni su u 7. vijeku | Pokršteni su u 7. vijeku |
| Pozvao ih car Iraklije | Pozvao ih car Iraklije |
| Protjerali su Avare | Protjerali su Avare |
| Legenda o petorici braće | Kubrat je imao petoricu sinova |
| Rodonačelnik je Hrvat | Rodonačelnik je Kubrat |
Dakle, iz gornje tablice jasno se vidi da su Hrvati u stvari Kubrati. Jer sudeći po dostupnim izvorima, Kubrat je vladao sredinom sedmoga vijeka, i od njegovog vremena Bugari počinju polako da naseljavaju Balkan, što znači da se kronologija u potpunosti podudara. Zatim, bizantiske kronike navode podatak da je kan Kubrat prvi kan Bugara koji je prešao na kršćanstvo, iako se to nije značajnije odrazilo na sve Bugare, sve do vremena cara Borisa-Mihajla, nešto slično kao i u slučaju većine slavenskih naroda. A ove Bugare (Kubrate), koje je pokrstio bizantiski car Iraklije, pozvao je u pomoć protiv Avara. Kan Kubrat je poznat kao protjerivač Avara iz svoje zemlje.
Znači, Kubrati su protjerali Avare kako to navodi i spominjani hrvatski povjesničar, citirajući Nićifora:
Kuvrat (ili Kubrat), nećak Organa, vladar Unogundura (Bugara), ustao je protiv avarskog kagana i iz svoje zemlje sramotno protjerao kaganove vojne jedinice.
Pored ovoga, ako je naziv "Hrvati" nastao od naziva tih bugarskih Kubrata, onda bi to značilo da je bugarskog (tj. turskog) porjekla, u svakom slučaju, neslovenskog.
Zaključak glasi da su Porfirogenitovi "Hrvati" (Krobati, lat. Chrobati) u stvari bili bugarski Kubrati. Dio Kubrata je otišao na zapad, te se tamo stopio sa većinskim slavenskim življem, i od njih je ostalo samo ime - isto kao što je od tursko-mongolskih Bugara na prostoru današnje Bugarske ostalo samo ime, stopivši se sa Slavenima. Zato je dio Slavena otada nazivan "Hrvati".
Ime "Kubrati/Huvrati" je tako ostao na jednom dijelu Slavena i jednoj oblasti na Balkanu, te su oni nazivani Hrvati, a oblast - Hrvatska. Sam naziv je prestao da bude zaseban etnonim, tj. prestao je da se odnosi na Bugare, već se odnosio, samo na dio Slavena i geografski prostor u kojem su živjeli.
Kubrati su se raširili po Balkanu, dio njih doselio se na istočni Balkan (današnja Bugarska), drugi u Panoniju, pa u Dalmaciju i na kraju u Makedoniju, treći na zapadni Balkana, pa u Italiju, a četvrti je ostao u Skitiji, pa se naselio oko rijeke Volge.
Turska teorija o podrijetlu Hrvata
Turska teorija o podrijetlu Hrvata je teorija o podrijetlu Hrvata, koja daje tezu po kojoj su Hrvati prvotno bili tursko pleme Ogura, koje se tijekom povijesti slaviziralo. Teoriju je razvio turski akademik Osman Karatay 2000-ih, a teoriju je predložio u svom djelu „U potrazi za izgubljenim plemenom: Podrijetlo i nastanak hrvatske nacije”.
Očita veza Hrvata Porfirogenita sa bugarskim (turskim) plemenom Kubrati natjerala je turskog naučnika da tvrdi da su Hrvati izvorno bili tursko pleme, koje se po dolasku na Balkan izmješalo sa Slovenima. On ih takođe naziva Kubratima, ali i imenom koje koristi Nestor za dio turskih plemena ondašnje Skitije - „Bijeli Oguri“. Istina je da su Porfirogenitovi "Hrvati" i Nestorovi (Bijeli) Hrvati, o kojima govori spomenuti autor, zaista i bili bugarski tj. turski Kubrati.
"Od ovih vojvodah Gepida (tj. Bugara) zvani su Hrovati Porfirogenita; ti Gepidi, zvani Hrovati, prevladali su i pod svoju vlast stavili Avare s drugimi Slavini u Ilirii, Panonii i Dalmacii; zato se po njima sve ove krajine i zovu Zemljom Horvatskom."
Ogursko pleme
"Ne treba nas iznenađivat", kaže Karatay, „uloga Turaka u formiranju hrvatskog naroda, jer tadašnja Europa, od Jadranskog mora do Volge, bila je puna Turaka, i oni su zaslužni za mnoge etničke procese u srednjovjekovnoj Europi. Najkraće rečeno - tursko pleme Oguri, koje su Avari sredinom 6. stoljeća istjerali s njihove postojbine na sjeveroistoku Crnog mora u Galiciju, došli su u Dalmaciju i odande, godine 620., istjerali Avare. Tamo su došli zajedno sa Slavenima koje su zatekli u Galiciji i, kako su bili malobrojni, Oguri su i sami bili "oposlavenjeni". Država koju su u Dalmaciji osnovali, i nazvali hrvatskim imenom, bila je začetak hrvatske države i, kasnije, hrvatskog naroda”, sažima svoju teoriju Karatay.
Ili, šire rečeno: ogursko je pleme često u historiografiji bilo povezivano i zamjenjivano s Bugarima, pa se to i danas, u cijelom svijetu, čini. Karatay to smatra pogrešnim, Bugare uopće ne smatra turskim plemenom. Povjesničari Ogure dijele na Bijele i Crne Ogure: Bijeli su živjeli na sjeveroistoku Kaspijskog mora. Ključnim trenutkom u njihovoj povijesti smatra trenutak kad su, nakon dolaska Avara, odjednom nestali s povijesne scene, sredinom 6. stoljeća. Kamo su nestali pred Avarima? Kamo su nestala druga plemena koja su živjela na tom prostoru znamo, no Bijelim Ogurima - brojnim, utjecajnim i moćnim u to vrijeme - gubi se svaki trag. Kako već znamo, Karatay ih nalazi u Galiciji, gdje su stupili u već opisane odnose s ondje zatečenim Slavenima, organizirajući Slavene u borbi protiv Avara, ali i poprimajući neke njihove običaje. Zatim odlaze u Dalmaciju, gdje su sada oni, zajedno sa Slavenima, pobjednici nad Avarima.
Lingvistička analiza
Da su osnivači hrvatskog naroda i države turskog porijekla, dokazuje, po Karatayu, i lingvistička analiza. Pa iako se među stručnjacima općenito smatra da nije poznato porijeklo imena „Hrvat”, Karatay smatra da je ona turskog porijekla, i da se sastoji od dvije riječi: „Kur” i „Bat”, i istog je porijekla kao turska historijska imena Kur-Sad, Kur-Han, Kur-Tegin... Dapače, imena braće i sestara - Klukasa, Lobela, Kosenca, Muhla, Hrvata, te Tuge i Buge također su, prema Karatayu, turska.
Svaka druga interpretacija - slavenska, germanska, ilirska, iranska, latinska, grčka - nije pružila uvjerljiva objašnjenja, dok s interpretacijom tih imena kao turskih, dakle, Kźlźk, Alpel, Kšsenci, Mugel i Korvat te sestara Tugay i Buga, nema problema ni lingvistički ni, osobito, povijesno. I imena prvih hrvatskih vladara su turska: Porin ili Branos, na primjer, smatra Karatay. Turski element tada više nije bio brojan, Turci su bili asimilirani slavenskom većinom, koju su organizirali u borbi protiv Avara, a zatim su, kad je osnovana hrvatska država u Dalmaciji, postali njihovi građani, što je sasvim uobičajena pojava u povijesti.
Karatay smatra da ga u njegovim istraživanjima podupiru srednjovjekovni grčki, ruski i latinski izvori, a u popisu literature navedeno je stotinjak knjiga: od „De Administrando Imperio” Konstantina Porfirogeneta, Herodotovih spisa do povjesničarke Nade Klaić ili suvremenih hrvatskih znanstvenika: lingvista Alemka Gluhaka ili povjesničara Ive Goldsteina i Nevena Budaka. Ipak, Karatayevu teoriju nikako se ne može se promatrati kao službeno stajalište turske historiografije, pa je s tim vjerojatno u vezi i Karatayev odlazak iz Centra za euroazijska istraživanja.
Teorije
„Prije nego što sam postavio svoju teoriju, proučio sam ostale: germansku, iransku, slavensku, avaro-bugarsku”, nastavlja Karatay. „Sve trpe od ozbiljnih slabosti”, kaže Karatay. Čak i „najjača” i, po njegovu mišljenju, najšire prihvaćena „iranska teorija” sasvim je slaba. Po njoj su Hrvati iransko pleme došlo s Kavkaza, sa sjevera Karpata i poslavenjeno tijekom migracija na sjeveroistok Balkana. „Ne postoji”, smatra Karatay, „nikakav trag da je pleme koje bi se moglo smatrati Hrvatima obitavalo na Kavkazu, osim nekih lingvističkih indikacija, što nije dovoljno.”
Slavenska je teorija, kaže, također vrlo slaba, utemeljena samo na tome da Hrvati danas govore slavenskim jezikom, dok srednjovjekovni izvori jasno pokazuju da su Hrvati bili drugačiji od ostalih Slavena, a to je krucijalno. Upravo zbog slabosti slavenske teorije proučavatelji se, po njegovu mišljenju, okreću drugim teorijama. No, sve se one zasnivaju na spekulacijama, dok u njegovoj teoriji nema uopće spekulacija. „Nisam tako slavan povjesničar da bih si mogao dopustiti spekulacije, moram biti oprezniji, osloniti se na provjerene izvore”, kaže Karatay, dok na pitanje što bi njegova teorija trebala značiti nama danas, objašnjava:
"Ne tvrdim, i nikada nisam tvrdio, da su Hrvati Turci, ali sam rekao da su Turci započeli proces formiranja hrvatskog naroda. Hrvati su i Slaveni, i Turci, i Nijemci, Iliri, Talijani... Ali, Turci su započeli proces formiraja hrvatskog etnosa. To je ključni moment. No, to su bila srednjovjekovna zbivanja, i ne vidim kakvog bi utjecaja trebala imati na današnjicu. Ne želim da moja istraživanja budu iskorištena u dnevno-političke svrhe."
Tanajske ploče
Tanajske ploče U njima se spominju osobna imena Horoúathos, Horoáthos i Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος) Those names some scholars interpret as anthroponyms of the Croatian ethnonym Hrvat. First who connected the tablets personal names with Croatian ethnonym was A. L. Pogodin in 1902, while first who considered such a thesis and Iranian origin was Konstantin Josef Jireček in 1911. Some scholars use this tablets only to explain the etymology, and not necessarily the ethnogenesis. The secure connection of those three personal names with the Croatian ethnonym, or ethnic identity, is rather difficult without more evidence. |
Ime Hrvat
- Ime Hrvat spominje se u 10. stoljeću, u dokumentima splitskih crkvenih sabora i u De administrando imperio bizantskoga cara Konstantina VII. Porfirogeneta.
- Bizantski car Konstantin VII. Porfirogenet (905. – 959) spomenuo je Hrvate u Panoniji u opisu vladavine svoga djeda Bazilija I. (Život Bazilijev c. 52 [288, 17-23]), ali samo kao jedan od slavenskih etnika, pored Srba, Zahumljana, Travunjana, Kanalićana, Dioklecijanaca i Neretljana, koji obitavaju u Panoniji i Dalmaciji – on za sve njih rabi arhaičan etnonim Skiti – ne pozabavivši se time kako i kada su onamo dospjeli.
- Kronika kralja Alfreda Velikoga spominje neke Hrvate, koji bi imali biti negdje između Visle i Češke. Najvažniji je dokument, tzv. Praški dokument iz 1086, u kojem se spominju Hrvati (lat. Croati et alteri Croati) u sjevernoj Češkoj.
- U kronici Povijest minulih ljeta, za koju se smatra da je dovršena u Kijevu najvjerojatnije 1113., spominju se i Bijeli Hrvati, ali samo na balkanskom prostoru.
Porijeklo i doseljenje Hrvata
Porijeklo i doseljenje Hrvata ostali su do danas obavljeni velom nepoznanica i nejasnoća. Činjenica je da arheolozi u svojim istraživanjima još nisu uspjeli sa sigurnošću dokumentirati najraniju fazu hrvatskog naseljenja.
Osnovnu prepreku svakom zaključivanju postavljaju više no oskudni izvori što govore ο razdoblju od 6. do 9. stoljeća, odnosno ο vremenu kada su se odvijali ključni procesi stvaranja srednjovjekovnih etnosa. Suvremeni su tek rijetki tekstovi ponekog bizantskog pisca, kao i pisma pape Grgura I, ali u njima se odreda govori isključivo ο Slavenima uopće, a ne i napose ο Hrvatima. Hrvatsko se ime, uostalom, po prvi puta spominje tek u vrijeme kneza Trpimira.
Ime Hrvat bilo je u X. st. rašireno samo na ograničenom prostoru: u Lici, u Bosni do Plive i u kraju oko Zadra; od XV. st. počelo se širiti prema Kupi i Savi, a poslije i sjeverno od Save (na područje koje se ranije zvalo Slovinje).
Širenje hrvatskog imena
Hrvatsko se ime sreće i na slavenskomu sjeveru (u Moravskoj i Slovačkoj), uz rijeku Saalu u Njemačkoj, u Austriji i Sloveniji, te na jug do Grčke.
Na jugu, u Makedoniji su Arvati kod Donje Prespe, a u Grčkoj su Harvati na Atici i Harvation na Peloponezu.
Tako se u Koruškoj nalaze Hrvatski kotar i Chrowat uz gornju Muru; u srednjem su vijeku zabilježena imena mjesta Krobathen, Krottendorf, Krautkogel; Kraut kod Spittala. U Štajerskoj su Chraberstorf, Krawerspach, Chrawat itd.
U Sloveniji su Hrovate i Hrovača. U Njemačkoj uz Saalu su postojali Chruuati, Churbate i Korbetha, zapadno od Leipziga.
U Njemačkoj i Poljskoj imamo desetine sela sa nazivima Kroaten, Kroatiech, Kroatzurg, Harvatnji, Curbati.. Nekada je u njemačkoj postojala mala pokrajina Curbatia ta pokrajina se nalazila u istočnoj Njemačkoj nedaleko Leipziga.
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